The detection and blocking of malicious code employed by modern threats, whether targeted attacks or mass-spreading campaigns, has been a game of cat-and-mouse with the perpetrators for some time now. And even though we are seeing shifts in the threat landscape and new malware trends, the “malware problem” is still very much with us. To be clear, most malware writing today is performed by, or purchased by, cross-border criminal organizations. We are no longer faced with a few over-enthusiastic individuals. That means most malware attacks are functional and to some degree effective, in other words: people get infected. These attacks are generally low-risk and often very profitable.
The development of anti-malware defenses
As malicious code threats have evolved over the years, so have the technologies deployed to protect against them. The traditional concept of an “anti-virus” program has evolved into more comprehensive “security suites.” These suites include, in addition to traditional anti-malware scanners, firewalls, HIPS (Host Intrusion Prevention Systems), and other technologies.
One of the reasons such multi-layered protection is necessary is that the “bad guys” have the advantage of only needing to find one hole in our defenses, while companies and consumers need protection across many different points of attack. Security companies like ESET are consistently monitoring the evolution of malware families and collecting new samples of malicious code. The servers in the ESET Security Research Lab receive over 200000 unique malicious binaries every day, malware detected proactively, that we have never seen before. Even so, we don’t really see all the cards in the game. Malware writers, on the other hand, have access to all of the commonly used security solutions. They use this access to tweak their code so that it is harder to detect when it is released.
Of course, our job is to defeat that process. We want to make it impossible, or at least more difficult and expensive, for malware writers to craft code that is not detected. This requires additional layers of security that introduce creative strategies that can catch malicious code which might evade basic defenses.
One strategy that has been around for some time is advanced heuristics, explained in detail by Righard Zwienenberg on WeLiveSecurity.com. There is also an ESET white paper on basic heuristics. In this article we expand on the heuristic approach, and introduce some additional strategies that security software can deploy to combat malware. We begin by explaining several particularly challenging techniques used by malware writers today.
Malware protectors
The main technique employed by malware writers in order to avoid detection by antivirus software is the use of various “protectors” or run-time packers. You can think of these protectors as outer shells of the executables that hide the inner payload from inspection, and therefore detection, by basic anti-virus scanners.
That explains why, out of the many thousands of fresh malware samples that we see daily in our lab, relatively few contain new functionalities. Most of those daily unique samples are repackaged versions of existing malware families. The frequent repacking of malware variants is also known as server-side polymorphism.
An antivirus program that relies solely on simple hash-based signature detection of previously known malware can be defeated by the ever-changing malware. Furthermore, such detection is very inefficient. That is why a great amount of research has been done in order to crack that outer shell of malware protection using emulation. The idea is to run potentially malicious executables in a virtual environment or sand box, where they won’t be able to cause damage to the system and user, but will become unpacked and can be caught by the anti-virus engine.
While this might sound simple in theory, in reality there are several challenges that must be overcome for this to work, and a number of potential drawbacks that must be taken into consideration:
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The malware can attempt to hinder emulation, for example by use of uncommon instructions or API functions, which the emulator didn’t expect and can’t handle correctly.
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The malware can detect it is being run in a virtual environment and either stop executing or continue in a benign mode to avoid detection.
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Even if the code is emulated correctly, it can still be obfuscated in such a way that it hides its malicious functionality and its detection is still problematic.
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Emulation or any virtualization technology always carries with it some negative performance impact.
One significant method for improvement of emulation (with respect to the problematic aspects mentioned above) is by employing binary translation.
One of the most infamous banking Trojans, Zeus (detected by ESET as Win32/Spy.Zbot) is a good example of how repacking with various protectors has proven to be effective for the bad guys. This is malware that has been widely known for at least six years and its source code was leaked back in 2011. Yet Zeus often succeeds in evading detection by anti-malware scanners, because of the advanced packers used by the gangs that build and operate Zeus.
For cases when inspection of the protected and obfuscated sample prior to its execution is not successful, antivirus software has one last chance of detecting it: when it is running in memory in a decloaked state. Yet again, the challenge for security companies lies in triggering appropriate memory scanning as soon as possible, so that the malware causes minimal damage. This needs to be done with as little negative impact on system performance as possible.
Exploitation as an infection vector
Clearly, it is more desirable to prevent a malware infection even before it sets foot on the target system. There are many different infection vectors and, like malware itself, these have also evolved over time. However, generally they can be grouped into two categories:
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With user interaction: the victim is led to the infection through social engineering
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Without user interaction: mostly through exploits of software vulnerabilities
The subject of social engineering is a broad one and is a frequent topic of We Live Security blog posts. Here we will focus on software exploitation, without user interaction.
A typical scenario is that a user navigates to a webpage, subverted by an attacker, that contains a malicious script calling an exploit pack or exploit kit (something we have covered in various articles). Simply put, the exploit pack is a web app that will first check the potential victim’s software versions. This can be accomplished by legitimate scripts, such as PluginDetect. Then, if an unpatched, vulnerable version is detected, an exploit will be served and malicious code can be executed on the system without the user ever noticing anything. From the attacker’s point of view this is a very effective way of infecting even the more cautious users. For this reason, the underground market where cyber criminals buy exploit kits and new software vulnerabilities is thriving.
The obvious protection against these kinds of attacks is to patch the software vulnerabilities, but unfortunately people patch slowly and some don’t patch at all. Furthermore, patching is not effective against zero-day exploits, those that are unknown to the affected software vendor and for which no patch is available at the time of the attack.
Signature-based detection can be used to detect exploit code, but it suffers from the same shortcomings as when used against “regular” malware, so more generic detection and mitigation approaches are needed.
One example of a mitigation tool is EMET (Enhanced Mitigation Experience Toolkit) from Microsoft. EMET makes life much more difficult for exploits (in fact, renders many of them defunct) by protecting against common techniques used by exploits and forcing built-in Windows security measures, namely DEP (Data Execution Prevention), ASLR (Address Space Layout Randomization) and SEHOP (structured exception handler overwrite protection).
Modern antivirus solutions introduce a more generic behavior-based approach, inspecting the very act of exploitation and checking if, for example, a (malicious) process is spawned in a suspicious manner that‘s not typical for the host application. This technology can block advanced and reliable exploitation techniques, typically bundled in today’s professional exploit kits.
One of such examples is CVE-2013-0641, which was the winner of the 2013 Pwnie Awards at the BlackHat conference for the most technically sophisticated and interesting client-side bug. This exploit targeted Adobe Reader and was able to escape its sandbox. Apart from PDF readers, the other most exploited applications by malware include internet browsers and their plugins, Flash players, Java and MS Office components. This kind of approach can also help prevent zero-day exploits.
But blocking exploits doesn’t only have to take place at the process level. For example, many worms still rely on network protocol vulnerabilities in order to spread. While there are many more fresh examples of this, the most infamous one is probably the Conficker worm exploiting MS08-067 through a specially crafted RPC call. Despite the fact that this vulnerability has been patched for 5 years now, our LiveGrid telemetry shows us that the exploit is still widely used in the wild. This indicates that adding another, network layer to the protection stack, is also beneficial.
Conclusion
We’ve addressed some of the technical tricks that malware authors use to successfully infiltrate target systems without being detected. The descriptions above apply both to mass-scale attacks, as well as customized targeted attacks, with an important side-note. A targeted attack is much more difficult to prevent, since the attacker knows his victim and can tailor the attack using very focused social engineering and exploits against the exact software that the victim is running, and so on. Targeted attacks especially highlight the importance of multi-layered security and the usefulness of generic exploitation detection.
This article did not discuss the most widely used malware spreading technique today: the use of social engineering. We constantly see fresh evidence that this technique is easier and cheaper for attackers in many cases. But that’s for another article, or two.